Stem Barks of Bauhinia Acuminata | Analysis

Stem Barks of Bauhinia Acuminata epitomeMaterials and MethodsPlant collectionThe stop barks of Bauhinia acuminata L. were collected from Rajshahi university campus, Bangladesh, in the month of September, 2013. The plant was authenticated by a taxonomist of Department of Botany, University of Rajshahi. A voucher specimen (Voucher No. MN-13) was deposited to the herbarium in the Department of Botany, University of Rajshahi. The stanch barks were then washed separately with fresh water to remove dirty materials and were shade dried for some(prenominal) days with daily sun ironicing. The dried barks were then ground into coarse powder by scrape machine and the materials were stored in dark at room temperature for future use.Extract preparationThe kick upion was performed fit to method described by Alam el al. (Alam et al., 2002). About 400 gm of dried powdered stem bark were taken in an amber colored reagent bottle (2.5-liter capacity) and the materials were soaked in 2.0 lite r of ampere-second% wood spirit. The bottle with its contents were sealed and kept for a period of about 7 days with occasional shaking and stirring. The whole mixture was then filtered through cotton and then through Whatman No.1 filters paper and were concentrated with a rotary evaporator (Bibby Sterlin Ltd, UK) under reduced pressure at 45C temperature to afford jolting leave out of the bark. The crude extract was mixed with 90% methanol in water to incur a slurry of satisfactory volume of 100ml. The slurry was taken in a separating funnel and added equal amount of different breakdown solvent sequentially as like n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and finally water. The funnel was shaken sprucely and allowed to stand for a few minutes for separation of the compounds according to their partition co-efficient and thus extracts were prepared for the sample purpose. The process was repeated three times. At last, the different fractionated parts were evaporated using rotary e vaporator at 400C to obtain n-hexane fraction (NHF, 1.12 gm), chloroform fraction (CHF, 1.33 gm), ethyl acetate fraction (EAF, 2.27 gm) and aqueous fraction (AQF, 8.86 gm) respectively.Chemicals1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), potassium ferricyanide, catechin (CA), ferric ammonium sulphate, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), gallic virulent (GA), ascorbic acid (AA), AlCl3, trichloro acetic acid (TCA), atomic number 11 phosphate, sodium nitrate, ammonium molybdate, 2-deoxy ribose, sodium hydroxide, EDTA and FeCl3 were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA) potassium acetate, phosphate buffer, thiobarbituric acid(TBA), HCl, H2SO4, H2O2were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, vinblastine sulphate (VBS) from Cipla India, folin-ciocalteuss phenol reagent and sodium carbonate were obtained from Merck (Dam-stadt, Germany). goal of get phenolicsTotal phenolic contents in the extracts were determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method described by Singleton et al. (Slinkard Singl eton, 1977). 40 l of the extract/fractions (250g/ml) were taken in test tubes and to each 3.16 ml of water was added to secure up the volume 3.2ml. 200 l of folin-Ciocalteu (Undiluted) reagent base was added into the test tubes and kept for 5-8min. 600 l of sodium carbonate (20%) solvent was added into the test tubes and shake to mix. The test tubes were incubated for 2 hours at 20C to complete the reply. accordingly the absorbance of the solution was measured at 765 nm using a spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, USA) against lily-white solution. A typical blank solution contains all reagents except plant extract or standard solution. Standard Gallic acid solutions (50-250g /ml) concentrations were also treated as in a higher place. The total content of phenolic compounds in plant methanol extract and in different fractions was expressed as Gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/gm of dry extract in respect to standard gallic acid curve equation (y = 0.0008x 0.005, R = 0.975).Determination o f total flavonoidsTotal flavonoids were estimated using aluminum chloride colorimetric assay described by Zhishen et al. (Zhishen, Mengcheng, Jianming, 1999). To 0.5 ml of samples/standard, cl l of 5% sodium nitrate and 2.5 ml of distilled water were added. After 5 min, 0.3 ml of 10% AlCl3 was added. At 6 min, 1 ml of 0.001M NaOH and 0.55 ml distilled water was added to the mixture and left at RT for 15 min. Absorbance of the mixtures was measured at 510 nm. Total flavonoid contents were expressed in terms of catechin equivalent, CAE /gm of dry extract in respect to standard curve equation (y = 0.0178x+0.0524, R = 0.9862).Determination of free radical scavenging action at lawDPPH radical scavenging activityFree radical scavenging ability of the extracts was tested by DPPH radical scavenging assay (DRSA) as described by Braca et al. (Braca et al., 2001). Aliquots of 2.5mL of methanolic solution containing sample at different concentration was mixed with 2.5 ml of 0.008% DPPH soluti on in methanol. The reaction mixture was vortexed thoroughly and left in the dark at room temperature for 30 minutes. The absorbance of the mixture was measured spectrophotometrically at 517 nm. Ascorbic acid was used as reference. Percentage DPPH radical scavenging activity (% DRSA) was compute by the following equation,% DRSA = (A0-A1/A0) x 100Where,A0 = Absorbance of get wind andA1 = Absorbance of sample.IC50 values denote the concentration of sample requisite to scavenge 50% DPPH free radicals.Hydrogen bleach scavenging activityHydrogen peroxide scavenging activity of extract was assessed by the method described by Zhang et al. (Zhang He). Aliquot of 1.0 ml of 0.1mmol/L H2O2 and 1.0 ml of miscellaneous concentrations of extracts were mixed. Followed by 2 drops of 3% ammonium molybdate, 10 ml of 2M H2SO4 and 7.0 ml of 1.8 mol/L KI. The mixed solution was titrated with 5.09mmol/L Na2S2O3 until yellow color disappeared. The extent of scavenging of atomic number 1 peroxide wa s calculated as% scavenging of hydrogen peroxide = (V0-V1) / V0 - 100Where,V0 = Volume of Na2S2O3 solution used to titrate the control sample in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (without sample),V1 = Volume of Na2S2O3 solution used in the presence of samples. hydroxyl radical scavenging activityHydroxyl radical scavenging activity (HRSA) of the extracts was determined by the method of Halliwell et al. (Halliwell, Gutteridge, Aruoma, 1987) with a slight modification. 100 l of various concentrations of extracts were mixed with 100 l of hydrogen peroxide (10mmol/L). To this 200 l premixed FeCl3 (100mmol/L) and EDTA (100mmol/L) solution (11v/v) was added. Followed by addition of 500 l of 2.8mmol/L 2-deoxyribose in phosphate buffer (PH7.4) and finally the reaction was triggered by adding 100 l ascorbate (300mmol/L). Then the reaction mixture was incubated at 37.5C for 1 hour. To the above reaction mixture 2 ml of TCA (2.8% w/v aqueous solution) and 2 ml of TBA (1% w/v aqueous solution) was added. The final reaction mixture was heated for 15min in boiling water bath, cooled and absorbance was taken at 532nm using a spectrophotometer.The hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity was evaluated with the inhibition percentage of 2-deoxyribose oxidation on hydroxyl radicals. The percentage of hydroxyl radical scavenging (%HRSA) activity was calculated according to the following formula% HRSA = A0 (A1-A2 -100/A0where A0 is the absorbance of the control without a sample. A1 is the absorbance after adding the sample and 2-deoxyribose. A2 is the absorbance of the sample without 2-deoxyribose.REFERENCESAlam, A., Rahman, M., Baki, M., Rashid, M., Bhuyan, M., Sadik, G. (2002). Antidiarrhoeal principle of Achyranthes ferruginea Roxb. and their cytotoxicity. Ban Pharm J, 12, 1-4.Braca, A., De Tommasi, N., Di Bari, L., Pizza, C., Politi, M., Morelli, I. (2001). Antioxidant Principles from Bauhinia tarapotensis. Journal of Natural Products, 64(7), 892-895. inside10.1021/np0100845Hal liwell, B., Gutteridge, J. M., Aruoma, O. I. (1987). The deoxyribose method a simple test-tube assay for determination of rate constants for reactions of hydroxyl radicals. Anal Biochem, 165(1), 215-219.Slinkard, K., Singleton, V. L. (1977). Total phenylic acid Analysis Automation and Comparison with Manual Methods. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 28(1), 49-55.Zhang, X., He, F. Science Press Beijing, china 2000. Principle of Chemical Analysis, 275-276.Zhishen, J., Mengcheng, T., Jianming, W. (1999). The determination of flavonoid contents in mulberry and their scavenging effects on superoxide radicals. food chemistry, 64(4), 555-559.