Qualities Should a Good Manager Have free essay sample

Do you work well with others? Are you a leader? If you have these qualities, you might make a good manager. However, you need just more than these two qualities to be a good manager. There are a number of factors that play into whether or not you would make a good manager. The good news is that you don’t have to rely solely on natural, inborn traits. It is possible to develop the qualities good managers possess. You can complete a management program to learn some of the necessary characteristics, and you can also develop many desirable qualities on your own. As you prepare for a job in management, keep in mind these 25 qualities and characteristics of a good manager: Personal Characteristics There are items that can help you improve yourself, and enhance your interactions with others. Desirable personal characteristics make a manager someone that others can look up to, and feel comfortable following: Self-Motivation: An effective manager can’t motivate others if he or she can’t self-motivate. We will write a custom essay sample on Qualities Should a Good Manager Have or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Self-motivation, the ability to get yourself going, and take charge of what’s next for you, is a vital personal characteristic for a manager. You have to keep yourself going — and motivate those who work with you. Integrity: People trust a good manager because they know he or she has personal integrity. Workers need to know that you will fight for them, do what you say, and follow the rules. Dependability/Reliability: As a person, you should be dependable and reliable. Your superiors, as well as your subordinates, need to know that you can be counted on. Others in the organization should be able to rely on you. Optimism: Do you look to the future with hope? An optimistic attitude can help build morale in your employees. Your positive attitude can inspire others, and help them feel good about getting things done. Confidence: Do you have confidence in yourself. You need to be able to make decisions in confidence, and show others that you are capable of making good decisions. Your confidence will rub off on others, and can be of benefit. Calmness: As the manager, you can’t afford to break down when the pressure is on. The ability to remain calm and do what needs to be done is essential in a good manager. Flexibility: A certain amount of flexibility is needed by a manager, since he or she may need to adapt to changing situations. Business Characteristics Some level of business acumen is important when you are a manager. While you may not need to be on the level of a professional dealmaker, familiarity with basic business principles and practices can be helpful. Industry Knowledge: What do you know about the industry you are in? It helps understand your industry so that you can answer questions and perform your work more effectively. Workers may not need industry knowledge, but a manager should have some. Know When to Delegate: An effective manager knows that some tasks need to be delegated. You should be able to identify workers who will do well, and give them tasks they can succeed at — while helping the project. Organization: You need to be organized in order to be a good manager. Keep track of projects, employees and assignments so that you are on top of what needs to happen in the business. Basic Money Management: Understand basic financial concepts so that you understand how to manage money as part of a project you have been given. Business Hierarchy: You should know how the hierarchy works at your business, and follow the chain of command. Make sure that you understand your duties, and to whom you report. You should also know how the organization affects your subordinates. Legal Implications: While you don’t need to be a law expert, you should have a grasp of the legal implications of sexual harassment, proper hiring and firing practices, confidentiality, and more. Communication Qualities A good manager needs to be able to communicate effectively. You might be surprised at the different qualities there are related to communication. Make sure that you develop the ability to communicate as part of your efforts. Here are some qualities to possess if you want to be an affective communicator as you fulfill your management duties. Written Communication: Learn how to communicate effectively in writing. A good manager should be able to write professionally and with correct grammar, expressing him or herself in email, memos, and thank you notes. Public Speaking: As a good manager, you should know how to speak publicly, annunciating your words, and concisely communicating your ideas, whether in an interview, or addressing workers. Constructive Feedback: Learn how to provide feedback in a way that is helpful to workers and others. Active Listening: One of the most important communication skills is listening. Make sure you are listening to your workers, superiors and customers, and that you acknowledge them. Specific: When giving instructions, be specific in what you want, and in expected outcomes. Make sure your employees understand what should happen. Organize Your Presentations: Organize and practice your presentations before giving them so that you are clear and concise, and so that your presentation flows well. Relationship Qualities Your characteristics as you build relationships matter when you are a manager. You will need to know how to manage relationships between yourself and your subordinates, as well as manage the relationships among those who work under you. You should also know how to develop relationships with your superiors, and coordinate relationships between those above you and below you in the hierarchy. Customer Service: You might be surprised to discover the customer service is a relationship quality. However, it is. You need to be able to build good relationships with customers if you want to be a good manager. Learn how to relate to customers, and see things from their perspective. Mediator: Do you know how to make peace? Often, a good manager needs to be able to act as a mediator between workers, between a worker and a client, or between a superior and a worker. Brush up on your mediation qualities, and learn conflict resolution techniques to be a good manager. Team Player: Are you part of a team? You need to be able to function as part of a team if you want to succeed as an effective manager. Make sure that you are willing to work with others, and that you will hold up your end. Respect: You need to be respectful of your workers if you are to have respect as a manager in return. It’s up to you to set the example and build relationships of respect. Collaboration: You’ll need to set up collaborations with others, and with your team. You should also be able to work well with others, and understand how to integrate ideas and personalities. Value Others: A good manager helps employees feel valued. Surveys show that employees want recognition from their superiors, and you need to make sure to recognize contributions from your workers.

Top 9 Promising Allied Health Careers That Require Ceritfication

Top 9 Promising Allied Health Careers That Require Ceritfication Allied health careers are some of the best out there. If you’re looking to start a career as a medical assistant, cardiovascular technologist or technician, diagnostic medical sonographer, PA, respiratory therapist, athletic trainer, surgical technologist, clinical lab tech, dietitian, nutritionist, or any work in medical and health services, then congrats! You’re aiming for one of the 10Â  fastest growing allied health careers. These are jobs that pay well, don’t require a huge amount of education to break into, and offer good growth opportunities. Do You Need Certification?If you’re just starting out, it’s a good time to get a handle on which career path you’d like to take, and whether or not you’ll need certification to practice in your desired field.For the following jobs, you’ll need to take and pass the AAH National Certification Exam:Medical Assistant, RMA(AAH)Phlebotomy Technician, CPT(AAH)Pharmacy Technician, CPhTPatie nt Care Technician, CPCTEKG Technician, CETMedical Coding and Billing, CMCB or MCBSPhysical Therapy Aide, CPTAVeterinarian Assistant, CVASurgical Technician, CSTWhy Explore a Field Where I Need to Take a Test?Taking an exam may seem daunting, but the benefits of doing so far outweigh the costs. First of all, you’ll immediately jump to the front of the line in any group of applicants. Applications with completed certification generally get looked at first and more keenly. You’ll be qualified for jobs with the best employers, the ones who have the highest standards for new hires. You’ll be immediately eligible to earn more money. You can expand the scope of your work. And you can begin to build a professional reputation in your chosen field.Sound like a no brainer? It is! And it doesn’t have to be too intimidating. The requirements for eligibility are pretty straightforward: You have to have EITHER graduated from an allied health vocational training program , completed one year of work experience in the field, had some military experience/training in the field, or have acquired reciprocity from another certifying agency. Just one of those four things will do, though you will be required to submit proof to take the test.How to Take Your ExamAfter you’ve demonstrated your eligibility, the certification process is fairly simple. You simply register to take the exam, set yourself up with an online account at AAH, and begin your preparation. There are free study guides and practice tests available.Once it comes time to take the test, you do so online and your results are instant. You can also print PDFs of your certificate and certification card- immediately. The physical copies will arrive by mail within 5-10 business days.So go ahead, get started on the certification process. It can only put you in a better position to make more money and go father in your chosen career.

How Is Emotion Expressed in Chinese Opera Essay - 1

How Is Emotion Expressed in Chinese Opera - Essay Example However, the vocal techniques and speech skills of performers begin to affect the audience in a unique way as the performance continues. Musical progressions and costumes of Chinese actors are different from anything witnessed in European opera. The Chinese counterpart stands distinguished in the respect that vocal techniques are used primarily in songs. Research claims that these techniques form a core principle because they help to express emotion in Chinese opera by enhancing â€Å"the aesthetic qualities of sound in the language of the pihuang musical system† (Wichmann 267). The musical system employed in Chinese opera is called Pei Huang. Musical progressions hold extreme importance in Chinese opera in terms of expressing emotion which is why Chinese opera is also sometimes called pihuang theatre. The pihuang system comprises of many elements like modal system and modes which are arranged according to requirements of a specific play to demonstrate â€Å"the fundamental p sychology of its major characters† (Wichmann 53). Discuss the debate about Nandan performance in the first several decades of the twentieth century. What were the arguments for and against men playing female roles on the Chinese opera stage? Give a brief historical overview of cross-gender performance in Chinese opera. The debate about Nandan performance poses fatal questions to Chinese opera. People still argue if it is right to abolish Nandan or not. Nandan performance is about female impersonation in Chinese opera. The early Republican era or the first several decades of the 20th century are considered the best of times for Nandan performers who are male actors entrusted with the controversial job of portraying women. The Republican stage in the early 20th century promoted the popularity of Nandan stars like Mei Lanfang and Cheng Yanqiu. These Nandan performers surpassed other male actors who played roles of idealistic macho type men.  Ã‚  

Decision Making Process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Decision Making Process - Essay Example The decision making process is merely as good as the weakest link. To take always high quality decisions, there is a need to ‘divide and conquer’ or split the decision and work on it part by part at a time. Being a leader, make certain to focus on people what it takes to suitably frame decisions. In order to establish decision quality in the organization, one should have a hand in declaring or checking each important decision frame. Soon after, when people become more certain and assured, turn them free to do their own framing, and guide them as a coach. As for the organizational decision making one should follow the decision dialog process that is suitably precise and flexible for the types of decisions. One should be able to judge decisions even as they’re being made, mainly when there are significant doubts, by assessing the quality of the work done at each of the six Decision Points: frame, people, process, alternatives, values, and information. Making decisions in the face of doubt is what leaders and managers are supposed to do. There is a requirement to see how the decisions might link up, and how others might link them up and then put the frame in view of that. No one can know everything in advance. Recognizing, perceptive, talking about, and finally counting uncertainty are all element of good decision making. Assist people to find out and understand risk. Recognize the critical uncertainty, on which the decision actually depends. Make use the creative insight to reframe the decision, identify alternatives, and sharpen the ethics so that one can with poise select a path, even if one doesn’t know for sure the result. People have different risk profiles. The lenience for risk indicates how one processes each of the Six Decision Points: frame, people, process, alternatives, values, and information. Think about risk tolerance. As in the case of significant

Entrepreneurship - Growth through international among entrepreneurial Essay

Entrepreneurship - Growth through international among entrepreneurial firms - Essay Example A number of studies have been carried out in order to explore the process of internationalization among SMEs and the importance and benefits of such moves. These studies have clearly depicted the internationalization phenomenon. However the performance implications of the phenomenon remain under explored. The reason why the performance remains underexplored is owing to the several motivations and goals that drive business owners towards internalization. Since each entrepreneur has his or her own goal for going international, it is not easy to study the performance of such SMEs in the foreign market (Carrier, 2004). Despite the fact that there are multiple motivations that drives businesses towards internationalization there are two main goals that are known to play an active role towards this practice. The two common motivations are achieving firm growth and improving the profitability of the business (Wolff & Timothy, 2000) states that firm growth remains the most important motivati on towards internationalization. Two avenues have been widely used in the internationalization of a firm. These two avenues are exporting and foreign direct investment (Beamish, 2000). This paper explores the growth of firm through internationalization. To make this possible, the treatise relies on literature from journals that talk about the various avenues of internationalization, the motivation towards internalization and the implications and results of internalization in the various businesses and firms that go into it. This paper relies on scholarly journals and articles that explore the topic of internalization and business growth. A total of 20 academic journals that explore business growth through internationalization are used in this paper. In selecting the academic journals that are used in the paper, a Meta-analysis of the various business journals on the topic of discussion

Business Communication Systems Evaluation

Business Communication Systems Evaluation Oriston Cunningham Managing Communications, Knowledge and Information Jiggs $ Riggs Super Stores Ltd Table of Content (Jump to) Executive Summary Introduction Discuss the Range of Decisions to Taken Examine the Information and Knowledge needed to ensure Effective Decision taking Assess internal and external sources of information and understanding Justify Recommendation for Improvement References Executive Summary Business Profile Sucker Business Consulting Ltd Has over thirty years of experience which head office is based in New Kingston the business hub of Jamaica with functional offices across the Caribbean. We pride ourselves with the successes of our client base of over 2,500 business; micro, small and medium sized businesses that invest in our trusted professional consulting expertise to put them on a growth path, increase operational efficiency and a sustainable, profitability and revenue trajectory. We are a business of diverse professionals expertise with a focus to eliminate the complexity of problems faced by our client business’ and simplify business solution that will enable them to operate in a diversely competitive business environment. Business Profile JIGGS $ RIGGS Super Stores Ltd JIGGS Super Stores Ltd is a family owned business enterprise that has three outlets located in the parishes of Kinston, Manchester and St. James of the island of Jamaica. Great grant father JIGGS as he was passionately called by his family and friends had started a sales business out his garage in Kingston where he sold clothes, shoes and home accessories to the surrounding communities. The business expanded to the extent where he began to drive around with a delivery van and drop off orders to his loyal customers, he later joined partnership with a returning resident passionately called Riggs hence the name JIGGS $ RIGGS Super Stores Ltd. The first location was on Trafalgar road Kingston, The business grew to the extent where they felt the need to care for other customers thus the two other locations in Manchester and St. James. Both men had died and the business passed on their grandchildren Byron and Simeon who are co-managers of JIGGS $ RIGGS Super Stores Ltd. The recent performances of all three stores have declined steadily for past three years. The young partners tried a number of measures to stabilize the business: cut head count, extend operating hours, Increase longer payment terms and even turn off the air conditioning during operation hours but still operating at a loss and fail to breakeven. The co-managers have called a meeting and finally decided to sell and our client Private Partners (a group of small investors). The current financial position of JIGGS $ RIGGS Super Stores Ltd is as follows. Financial situation of Jiggs $ Riggs Super Stores Ltd INDUSTRY STANDARD July 2014 July 2013 July 2012 July 2011 REVENUE $8400000 $2500000 $2600000 $2400000 COST OF SALES 40% ($3200000) ($1500000) ($1600000) ($1500000) GROSS PROFIT 60% $5200000 $1000000 $1000000 $900000 EXPENSES 30% ($2800000) ($2400000) ($2400000) ($2300000) NET PROFIT 30% $2400000 -$1400000 -$1400000 -$1400000 Introduction Research Background The business environment is regulated by laws which guide organizations and their operations. The ever changing business environment demands the growth and development of businesses due to continuous aggressive competition and changes in market trends, (Klein, 2013). The mergers, acquisitions and take-over of businesses increased due to the growth of medium sized companies in their current markets and expanding their reach to new customers adversely, micro business operators are discouraged due to low financial performance and access to the kind of cash injection that will boost their business outlook. Business acquisition may have some draw backs also advantages both for the investors acquiring the firm and also for the previous owner(s). There are several legal matters that must be addressed in order for mergers, acquisition, take-overs and investments to take place. The paper will focus on evaluating the existing communication systems, designing new communication strategies to inv olve all stakeholders to own and drive the new growth changes necessary to put the business on the path to growth. The repot will look at communication terms and how they can be used by all stakeholders in the business. Germaine to the background of the research questions given, the researcher will establish a consultancy firm and present a case study of a small business Jiggs $ Riggs Super Stores Ltd owned by co-managers Byron and Simeon who have obtained new investors. The main impacts of this study is that for future referencing the researcher will have developed the skills necessary for understanding the relevance of communication within the context of business and how to use it to drive change and the overall growth of the business. Aims and Objectives The aims and objectives of the research paper are as follows: Assess how communications, knowledge and information can be improved within the business including making better use of IT systems. Create strategies to increase personal networking to widen involvement in the decision-making processes in the business. You will develop the communication processes, and improve systems relating to information and knowledge. Assess how managers in the business can improve the planning of their communications processes as well as their communication skills and can make the information and knowledge they gain accessible to other parts of the organization Literature Review (Michael E.D. Koeing) Knowledge Management, (KM) is a concept and a term that arose approximately two decades ago, roughly in 1990. This suggests that on the eve of the twenty first century and the advent of communication technology, managing communication knowledge and information or simply put knowledge management was seen to be very critical to join the bridges and make the links for individuals and business. In the early period of the knowledge management discovery Davenport (1994) originate version of definition: â€Å"He sees information management as specialized skill set which is needed by organizations in the promotion and integrated approach to identify, capture, evaluate, retrieve, and disseminate its intellectual assets; such as databases, documents, policies, procedures, and previously un-captured capabilities of the organization. The definitions though similar in nature are showing information as that vehicle that will bring the message of the organization to internal stakeholders and external stakeholders and will in effect create the intended model for success. Knowledge management from an operational was created within consulting community hence the principles of knowledge management went viral by the consulting organizations to other disciplines. Consulting firms since realized the opportunistic use of the Intranet to create the linkage to narrow the geographically gap and provide a greater dispersion of a knowledge-based organizations. (Steve Denning) make the contrast in his article (What is Knowledge) between the east and west, the interchangeable use of information and knowledge and the cultural preference of intuitive knowledge and the rational knowledge. He made the point that knowledge is sticky though information maybe transferable to other persons. In his discussion, the West depicted to lean more to the rational type of knowledge that is more scientific in nature and disregard on a high scale intuitive knowledge, some may argue the intuitive knowledge is not knowledge at all seeing that it is more implicit and tacit thus the movement of knowledge from person to person has deemed to be difficult which bring into focus the greater importance of rational knowledge. Polanyi (1975), and Nonaka and Takeuchi (1995). Further discussion that seeks to strengthens the soundness of knowledge as to that of information Western analysts (Karl Erik Sveiby) seek to put his mark on the subject see â€Å"knowledge† as wholly tacit (i.e. as capacity in action), consenting to other discussion that explicit knowledge is mere information. The East conform to a more traditional purview to celebrate the importance of the intuitive, when compared with the rational. The Upanishads for speak about a higher knowledge and a lower knowledge, they classify lower knowledge to that of the various sciences. Methodology In the acquisition of information both the qualitative and quantitative research methods were employed in the research execution. Qualitative research according Parkinson and Drislane (2011) is defined as a â€Å"research method using methods such as participant observation or case studies which result in narrative or descriptive account of a setting or practice.†(Parkinson and Drislane, 2011). The qualitative methods that will be used include questionnaire and interviews. Qualitative research interprets data and analyses words and ideas. The second research method that will be used is the quantitative method which is defined as an approach that assesses numerical data which can be used to support qualitative research findings. Quantitative method will be achieved using calculations and statistics gathered through questionnaires and surveys that will be administered to the entity selected for this research. Additional data comes from primary research tools that will be utilized by the researcher includes interviews, questionnaires and observations and the secondary tools that will be used are journals, books, newsletters, newspaper and online articles and documents. The methods selected are most appropriate as they will allow the researcher through the combining of the quantitative and qualitative research to provide the readers with a higher degree of accuracy, easier representation of questionnaire and survey answers. The qualitative method is less costly and more flexible considering from a student researcher context. TASK: 1 Discuss the range of decisions to be taken The type and scope of information used in organizations are complex and vast in variation to the size of the organization and the type of market they are operating in. Information and knowledge needs are also specific to the different functional areas of the organization thus it is the fluid of every working communication system that result into the overall success of the whole. Davenport (1995) knowledge management is a process used to harness, transfer and make the effective use of knowledge. Things to take into consideration are how information is harness and used at the different levels of the organization and the knowledge required, the different systems of information, their relevance, efficiency and effectiveness to the organization. The primary and secondary sources of information Examine the information and knowledge needed to ensure effective decision taking Information is knowledge obtained from investigation, study or instruction. e.g. Intelligence, news and facts or raw data (http://www.merriam-webster.com). According to the tripartite theory; knowledge is information that is processed that is believed, justified and is true. For effective decision making in the organization that will form part of its going strategy in a competitive business environment that is ever changing. The knowledge obtained by the sources of the organization internal and external must be in line with the goals of the business and fit with its different levels, strategic, tactical and operational. Strategic information needs- are customer surveys, market research, and statutory accounts, economic and financial information which are used to make long term decisions and shape the business strategy with overall vision. Tactical information needs- market reach, market survey, producers and consumers price indices, business performance indices, budget reports, consumer complaints departmental reports. Operational information needs- product quality matrix, quality management reports, production outputs, workforce performance, machine and equipment management and performance, batch quantity, economic order quantity. Assess internal and external sources of information and understanding Internal sources of information the means of data collection and compilation from systems internal to the organization which are used to enhance the decision making process and fuse the different linkages that enable the organization to achieve its objectives. Internal information in Jiggs $ Riggs Super Stores Ltd. Are Financial information financial information on the three super stores profits and losses, revenues, cost of sales, rates and taxes, staff wages and salaries. The financial manager and use this information to manage the performance of the business and see that it is profitable. Personnel Information this is the compilation of information of personnel by the business that is made available to them when so requested. Information is used to monitor productivity performance, length of work life, remuneration, productivity rate, health reports, information on training and development. Marketing Information marketing team determine value added products and services and their performances, information is obtained from sales and the informal channel used for innovation and to promote product based on the going trends. Purchase Information information used by the purchasing team to procure raw materials, good, services, and other inputs required to run the business. This team also monitors costs and quality to ensure there is value for money. Administration Information makes the linkages with the business’ workforce on business overall performance, annual budgets and projections, structural changes, changes in market conditions, investment and make the link with external partners and build relationships. External sources of information are sources of information generated externally by agencies or individual researcher or consultant Justify recommendations for improvement In order to improve the communication situation at the business the new management will embark on a communication strategy that is geared to harness greater involvement of all employees and improve their empowerment in the decision making process and make them full aware of the business performance on a more frequent basis. Conduct monthly town hall meeting deliberating on business performance, projections and market conditions Train all employees on how to improve and own the systems of communication Provide regular feedback on employees recommendation and reward where necessary References Davenport, Thomas H. (1994), Saving ITs Soul: Human Centered Information Management. Harvard Business Review, March-April, 72 (2) pp. 119-131. Duhon, Bryant (1998), Its All in our Heads. Inform, September, 12 (8). Koenig, M.E.D. (1990) Information Services and Downstream Productivity. In Martha E. Williams (Ed.), Annual Review of Information Science and Technology: Volume 25, (pp. 55-56). New York, NY: Elseview Science Publishers for the American Society for Information Science Ponzi, L., Koenig, M.E.D. (2002). Knowledge Management: Another ManagementFad?, Information Research, 8(1). Retrieved from http://informationr.net/ir/8-1/paper145.html Stephen Denning, The Springboard: How Storytelling Ignites Action in Knowledge-Era Organizations. Boston, London, Butterworth Heinemann, October 2000. Nonaka, Ikujiro and Hirotaka Takeuchi. The Knowledge-Creating Company : How Japanese Companies Create the Dynamics of Innovation. New York : Oxford University Press, 1995. http://www.kmworld.com/Articles/Editorial/What-Is-/What-is-KM-Knowledge-Management-Explained-82405.aspx http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/information http://www.stevedenning.com/Knowledge-Management/what-is-knowledge.aspx http://www.theoryofknowledge.info/what-is-knowledge/the-tripartite-theory-of-knowledge/ http://www.contentedwriter.com/internal-sources-of-information/

Greek Architecture Essay -- Greece Essays Temples Building History

Greek Architecture The Greek culture has had a huge impact on the history of the world. There is something Greek in almost everything, especially in the world’s architecture. Greece no longer had one king, so they focused on building temples for their gods. Architecture began small and plain but evolved into impressive pieces of art. As time passed from the Archaic period to the Hellenistic period, the people of Greece developed a type of formula for their buildings and their pieces of art.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Ancient Greece, religion dominated their life, so it is understandable that their architecture would be dominated by their religion. Before Greece became many different city-states, they had kings, and they would build a room called a megaron to show they King’s authority. A typical megaron is a single chamber with a fire pit in the middle with a throne off to the side. This room opened up into a porch (portico) that had four columns in the front. After there were no more kings these megarons turned into temples. The fire pit, which turned into some type of altar or a place to show a sacrifice for that god, was now outside in front of the temple. The altar was now outside so people could see you make these sacrifices to their gods. The first Greek temples were made out of wood and were long rectangular buildings with a porch all the way around which was supported by columns made from tree trunks. A Greek temple consists of five basic parts: the pediment, entablature, columns, base, and the cella, or the inner sanctum. The pediment is triangular and would have a type of sculpture or ornament known as acreteria on each corner. An entablature consists of three parts: the cornice, frieze, and architrave, which holds up the pediment. The columns are the support between the entablature and the base. The base usually consists of three steps. The cella is the inner sanctum, which has different rooms with more columns for support. Each temple would have a cella but they were not identical.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Greeks developed an architectural system called an order, to distinguish the different styles of temples. Each order has a different proportions, entablature, and columns. The three Greek orders are called Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. The Doric order is considered to be the masculine order. The columns are short and stout and very plain. A Doric column has no base a... ...he most important part of the agora. The stoa would be used for political, economical, or financial reasons. The Greeks also built gyms to exercise. During the Hellenistic period, the Greeks seemed to build more buildings where men could gather and socialize than places for worship.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During the Hellenistic period, you find the first monument built to celebrate someone who was not a general, god, or ruler. The Monument to Iysicrates is located in Athens, and is the first time a Corthinian column is used on the exterior. There was not a lot of money to spend on new temples but they still managed to build the Temple of Zeus Olympius. There is not much left of it today but it was huge. This temple was decastyle, meaning ten columns across, and the columns were sixty-five feet tall.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Even today the ideas and formulas of Greek architecture influence present day architects. When you think of Roman architecture, you think of the arch but even then they used the Imperial Motif to decorate their buildings. The Imperial Motif is the art of trabeation on arcuated architecture. The architecture of Ancient Greece will continue to influence the architecture of today and tomorrow.

Gas Absorption

It has been in operation since 1983. The absorber was a tray tower with a single tray designed for 90% SIS removal and supplied by The Babcock & Wilcox Company (B&W). The boiler fires high sulfur eastern bituminous coal producing SIS loadings up to 7. 5 lbs/Numb. To increase the removal in the WIFE system, MASC. and B&W added a second tray in 2002 to take advantage of dual tray technology. SIS removal has been increased from 90% to 98% without the use of organic acids. Performance tests and parametric tests have been performed on the system over the last two years. The testing also included tests forSOB, HP, HCI, and PM. This paper discusses the absorber design, operating parameters, results of the testing and system chemistry. Introduction The need for maximum SIS removal is necessary with the upcoming Clean Air Interstate Rule (CARR). To meet these demands, high efficiency scrubbers are necessary. This paper provides an evaluation based on limestone, forced oxidized systems since t his is the most common type of system being used now and in the foreseeable future. High efficiency can be gained by changes to the chemistry of the slurry or by increasing the contact of gas and slurry in the absorber.The typical change to the system chemistry is the addition of dipodic acid or a composite adiabatic acid such as DAB. Contacting can be increased by increasing the liquid to gas ratio (L/ G), which also increases the alkalinity available per pass. It is difficult to add more L/ G, physically and financially, because this usually involves adding more spray headers and absorber recirculation pumps. There is usually not enough space available to accommodate this. Increased contacting can also be achieved by the addition of a contacting device such as an absorption tray or by reducing the open rear of an existing tray.In these cases the LEG remains the same, but the absorption of SIS per unit volume of slurry increases. In order to add another tray, the space must be avai lable to do so. Adding a tray or decreasing the tray open area increases the absorber pressure drop. B&W has 6 units operating with two trays and has 19 other dual tray units in the design, construction and startup phases. The purpose of the described project was to convert a conventional, 90% SIS removal scrubber into a high efficiency (>95% SIS removal) scrubber. B&W proposed to maximize SIS amoeba by adding another tray to this limestone forced oxidized scrubber.Michigan South Central Power Agency was an ideal location for the demonstration because their wet flue gas decentralization (WIFE) system is a limestone, forced oxidized system with a single existing absorption tray and because of the good working relationship between the two companies. Their absorber design also had provisions for an additional future tray. The baseline performance measured in 1998 is as follows (Table 1): After the modifications were made to the system, field performance tests were carried out. The last of the testing occurred during November 2005.In addition to SIS being tested, some multi-pollutants were also tested to gather baseline data of the plant. Those multi- pollutant tests included solid particulate matter, sulfuric acid mist, hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluoride. These results are presented with the SIS data. Background Michigan South Central Power Agency's Endicott Generating Station, Unit 1, was supplied by The Babcock & Wilcox Company in 1981. See Fig. 1. The boiler is a Sterling design rated for 480,000 lb/hrs steam flow and a nominal 55 MM while burning bituminous coal.The air quality control system (SACS) consists of a cold Table 1 MASC. 1998 performance Parameter Units Values SIS removal Inlet SIS loading pH Geochemistry Absorber pressure drop lb/Numb -ca/S CPM/masc. in. Wag 6. 5 5. 6 1. 06 85 3. 6 electrostatic precipitated (ESP.) and wet FIG. The FIG system is a forced oxidation design consisting of a single absorber, a reagent preparation system, and prima ry and secondary dewatering systems. Prior to adding the new, second tray, the scrubber performance had deteriorated and the plant struggled to meet compliance t high sulfur loadings, > 6. Lb/Numb and high boiler loads, 60 MM. The primary reasons for this poor performance were sulfite blinding and inadequate flow of limestone slurry to the absorber. The limestone feed slurry density was about 13% which limited the limestone flow. The pH was limited to 4. 6 to 4. 8. SIS removal averaged about 83% with a single tray. The absorber system consists of one 22'6†³ diameter absorber tray tower. The original design was a single absorption tray. In October 2003, a second absorption tray was added. The material of construction above the inlet is LOLL.The absorber inlet has a CHIC awning and side shields to prevent absorber inlet plugging. The absorber has two slurry spray levels operating above the tray. There is no spare spray level. Three absorber recirculation pumps, two operating and one standby, are provided to feed the slurry spray headers. The absorption spray zone is lined with Stabbing tile to protect it from spray impingement. Two stages of mist eliminators are supplied in the absorber tower with automatic sprays above and below the 1st stage and below the 2nd stage of mist eliminators (ME).The 2nd stage ME overspread is provided with a wash header, manually operated. A sparse grid oxidation system is provided for insist oxidation of the tank. Additionally, four air lances have been installed at the bottom of the tank to provide additional air flow and to fully oxidize the tank at the higher than designed removal efficiency and inlet SIS loading. The scrubbing reagent used is limestone, which is ground by a single, 100% vertical tower mill. Dewatering consists of primary and secondary systems. The absorber blown slurry is sent to a single, 100% thickener for primary dewatering.The underflow from the thickener is sent to a thickener underflow tank and then batched to the rotary drum vacuum filters. Two vacuum filters are provided, one operating and one spare. A gypsum byproduct is produced from the cake of the vacuum filter and is currently being landfill. In 2003, a second absorption tray was added to the absorber tower. See Fig. 2. This new tray did not have the same pressure drop as the existing tray because of limitations on the ID fan. Improvement of SIS removal on the system was seen, but the full effect was not observed. The removal increased from 83% to bout 89%.The main reason was continued sulfite blinding. It was expected that the delivered oxidation air was adequate for the increase of SIS removal, but that was not the case. Also, the limitations on Fig. 2 A second absorption tray was added in 2003. The ID fan were observed to be an absorber inlet plugging related problem. At least twice per year, the absorber inlet needed to be cleaned before upsetting boiler operations because of high differential pressure drop. In 2005, a few more modifications were made to the system for system reliability and to enable the second tray to be more effective.During the plant outage, the CHIC inlet awning was cleaned to remove some hard solids, which developed over the years, at the top gap in the awning. After cleaning, it was discovered that the awning was severely corroded and needed replaced. This new awning resolved the inlet plugging issues. Next, some rubber plugs were added to the second absorption tray to increase the pressure drop so that it equaled the first tray. Lastly, oxidation air lances were added to the bottom of the absorber reaction tank to improve oxidation and stop sulfite blinding.The combination of these improvements allowed the FIG system to reach its full performance capacity. SIS removals can now reach as high as 98%. SIS absorption theory Scrubber design and SIS absorption The design of a wet scrubber can be reduced to Just two basic requirements. The first is to contact the gas and slurr y. The second is to provide alkalinity to neutralize the acid formed when SIS is absorbed. Contacting the gas and slurry can be accomplished using only the absorber slurry sprays (L/G) such as in an open spray tower design. The key to this is getting good gas striation and good slurry spray distribution.In an open spray tower the contact surface of the spray droplets and the contact of the gas with these droplets is the primary means of removing SIS. This leaves one primary parameter, pump flow, to be adjusted to achieve the desired performance. The contact surface can also be increased by providing more droplet surface area (higher nozzle pressure drop), but also at the expense of pump power, and increasing the droplet surface area quickly reaches the point of diminishing returns. The gas and slurry contacting and SIS amoeba can be greatly improved by using some type of contacting device(s).B&Ws choice of contacting device is a perforated tray(s). The absorber tray provides intimat e contacting between the gas and slurry. The contact surface provided by the tray is much more effective for SIS removal than that of the slurry droplets in a spray tower design. Fig. 1 Michigan South Central Power Agency's Endicott Station. 2 Gas distribution First the tray provides a resistance to distribute the gas flow uniformly over the tower cross-section. This resistance is provided at the start of the gas and slurry contact one, or the absorption zone, in the absorber.Therefore, the contact of the gas with slurry is optimized over the full height of the absorption zone. In an open spray tower, the pressure drop across each spray level will tend to distribute the gas. However, by the time the successive pressure drops have redistributed the gas, the gas has already traveled through much of the absorption zone. This is not making full use of the LEG being provided. Uneven gas distribution results in areas of high and low LEG within the absorber. In areas where the LEG is highe r than the design L/G, theSIS removal will be higher than design. However, areas of lower LEG will have less than the average removal. When designing to 98% removal, the area of lower LEG does not have to be too large to seriously limit the overall SIS removal efficiency. Contacting effectiveness The tray provides a much more efficient means of gas and slurry contact than slurry sprays. Contacting devices are well known to provide the optimum design in most gas-liquid absorption systems. In fact, most of the first utility scrubber designs were based on the use of some type of packing or trays.The use of a tray in an absorber is typically worth 25 to 30 L/G. That is, the absorber with a tray requires 25 to 30 LEG less than an open spray tower design. This is illustrated in field unit test data presented in Fig. 3. The curves indicate that 80% removal efficiency could be achieved operating without a tray at 60 LEG or with a tray at about 35 L/G. The data also indicates 95% removal at 60 LEG and using a single absorption tray. Fig. 3 SIS removal with and without tray. Table 2 Effect of Trays on SO 2 Removal Unit Whinny Pilot MASC. # Trays 70 Removal 82 93 82. 4 92. 6

Assess the reasons that contributed to the downfall of the French Monarchy in August 1792 Essay Example

Assess the reasons that contributed to the downfall of the French Monarchy in August 1792 Essay Example Assess the reasons that contributed to the downfall of the French Monarchy in August 1792 Paper Assess the reasons that contributed to the downfall of the French Monarchy in August 1792 Paper Essay Topic: History Light in August August 1792 saw the demolition of the French armies at war with Austria, which precipitated the eventual downfall of Louis XVI. This essay will assess the major factors that contributed to this downfall, both in the short term and the long run. I am including what I consider to be the three main causes of the downfall of the French Monarchy. These are; firstly, the long run effects of how spiralling debt damaged the French economy and caused extreme social division. Also I will assess the decision made by the Monarchy as to why to go to war (both in Austria and USA), and how this heightened social tension and debt problems. Finally, I will also explain how the actions of the Monarchy himself can be assessed, and to what extent they contributed to his downfall. It would be wrong to place the downfall of the Monarchy on one single factor, and inevitably all the factors I have mentioned contributed significantly in some way. However, I will attempt to make a judgement as to which of the issues contributed the most in the downfall of King Louis XVI. Debt was a serious problem existing in France during Louis reign. A number of ill advised financial manoeuvres further desiccated the already financially damaged government. The countrys prolonged involvement in the Seven Years War (1756-63) drained the treasury, as did their perhaps avoidable involvement in the American War of Independence 1775-83, which they involved themselves in primarily as a means of getting back at the British. France was successful in both wars and had little to show for it apart from a dangerously damaged economy. But at this stage it could perhaps be considered that if money was spent wisely, then France could achieve a slow recovery. However, It was not only expenses on avoidable wars that was to blame for Frances growing situation of extreme debt. The upper social classes of French Ancien Regime society joined the King in living excessively extravagant lifestyles. Mammoth costs were associated just with the upkeep of Louis Palace in Versailles, and the Queen, Marie Antionette was renowned for spending huge some of money on sustaining her lavish lifestyle. The extravagant lifestyles that were lived by the rich in France, outlined the absolute social division that was the Ancien Regime. This flamboyant, excessive spending by the nobility, not only further damaged debt problems in France, but it also brought along a hatred to the tax exempt rich from those who were struggling to get by. I think that social division is very closely linked with the monetary and fiscal problems that France were witnessing at the time, eventually leading to the French being forced to declare bankruptcy. I think this because it was the absolute contrasts of lifestyle between classes in society that led to extreme inequality in France, perhaps angering those who were less well off, and those who were not exempt from taxation, a burden that only the lower estates had to pay. Louis decisions to go to war in America and to spend needed money on living an over-the-top lifestyle were just two of the aspects that contributed to the downfall of the Monarchy. Altogether, Louis decisions that he made as a monarch were not necessarily wise ones, and although the French revolution can be seen by some as rather an unavoidable situation, inevitably, in my opinion the monarch did little to help with matters. As a person, it has been said that Louis suffered from clinical depression. The effects of this syndrome are known to include a lack of motivation, as well as apathetic behaviour. Louis certainly showed some of these aspects with the decisions that he made during his reign and it would explain his indecisiveness over making critical decisions, usually turning to his Austrian Wife, Marie Antionette. For instance we get an insight of Louis indecisiveness as a monarch in such instances as The Constitution of the Clergy in July 1790. Here we saw Louis accept to the oath that the Clergy were told to take, and then go back on his decision upon the Popes rejection of the idea. I dont think that Louis was quite capable of making decisions for himself, and rather relied on other to help him. When he did make decisions for himself, they were usually of a foolish, childish nature. For instance, Louis tried to escape the country with his family during his flight to Varenne on June 20th 1791, disguised as Russian aristocrats, naturally he was stopped after being recognised from his face on a coin. This escape attempt not only outlined the King as being foolish but it also considerably weakened the kings position and lowered his regard in the eyes of the French people. Beforehand, although he had little real power remaining (largely due to the August Decrees (4th August 1789)), he at least still had the faith of his country. The kings attempt to run away, however, made it clear to sceptics that he was willing to turn his back on the constitution and his position as a constitutional monarchy at any moment. The more radical revolutionaries, who had never wanted a constitutional monarchy, trusted the king even less after his attempted escape. The more moderate revolutionaries, who once were loyal supporters of the constitutional monarchy, found themselves in a difficult situation to defend the monarch, when he was abandoning his responsibilities. Therefore, although Louis legally still retained some power after being returned to Paris, it was clear that his days were numbered. This brings me to my next point that Louis himself was perhaps not suited to the role of the monarch. In my opinion, it is a weak perception that absolutism can possibly work to run a country with the prestige and size of France effectively. Louis was not elected for his talents as a leader, but rather that he was seen as more of a chosen one by god. He inherited the throne, and with that he also inherited absolute power. In a country such as France at the time, with the Ancien Regime society that was adopted, it would be near impossible in my opinion to satisfy the needs of the majority of society. Louis was set a difficult task, but I also think that his inability to make decisions for himself, and thus managing to anger almost every social group in society, he did not make matters easy for himself by any means. After all it was not just the poor that decided to revolt against the system, in fact I would say that they played a limited role. Of course there were aspects that helped heighten anger in the lower sections of the third estate, such as rising food prices, disadvantageous feudal contracts, and general mistreatment at the hands of the aristocracy. But for all of the hardships that they endured, it wasnt the peasants who jump-started the Revolution. Rather, it was the wealthy commoners the bourgeoisie who objected most vocally to the sub par treatment they were receiving. The bourgeoisie were generally hardworking, educated men who were well versed in the enlightened thought of the time. Although many of the wealthier members of the bourgeoisie had more money than some of the French nobles, they lacked elite titles and thus were subjected to the same treatment and taxation as even the poorest peasants. It was the bourgeoisie that would really act as a driving force for the Revolution, and once they started to act, the peasants were soon to follow. The final factor that I consider to have contributed predominantly to the downfall of the monarchy in 1792 was the war with Austria on 20th April 1792. The decision to go to war with Austria was again, a foolish decision made by the King, and would inevitably result in his downfall. The fact that the king decided to go to war with the knowledge that the French would lose was careless, Louis wanted to do this as he thought that it would kill off the revolutionaries (who would be fighting in the war). The war with Austria essentially outlines all of the problems that the constitutional monarchy faced up to this point. France could not possibly afford, to lose another war surely they already were in a state of economic wreck. Even if they won the war, the amount of funding that would have had to be spent on providing a military strong enough to defeat the Austro-Prussian army that they faced would be too much for France to handle. Louis knew this and knew the outcome of the war before it had even started. This I feel shows Louis cowardice and inability to make effective decisions for himself, the fact that he was willing to send all these soldiers (whilst revolutionaries) to their deathbeds, illustrates another example of where Louis tries to take an easy way out of a difficult situation, as we saw in the flight to Varennes. Furthermore, although he knew what the outcome of the war was going to be in the first place, he made sure of it by allowing Marie Antionette to send the Austrians the French battle plans. The French, naturally, were demolished in the battle, and the only reason that they were not completely defeated was that the Austrian soldiers were ill prepared. The radical revolutionaries were so influential amongst the public in France that they would have been easily able to provide Louis and Marie Antionette as scapegoats for the loss. After all, Louis was not a particularly popular person amongst the public at the time. Effectively I think that the war, whilst perhaps not being the dominant factor as to why the monarchy was to fall in 1792, certainly acted as a final straw. It was to be the last mistake of France under the constitutional monarchy, and Louis was to pay for it. It could be argued that possibly the war was unavoidable, as the declaration of Pillnitz August 27th 1791, surely sparked revolutionary extremists such as Jacques Brissot to go to war (although Brissot wanted the King to remain in power). But Louis rash decisions throughout his reign, his reluctance to reform, as well as the economic ruin that he had left France in throughout, made him an easy target to blame for French loss. I dont think that Louis as a person was suited to the role of the King of France, and I will again make the point that I do not feel that Absolute Monarchy can work under any circumstances, and if it was to be effective it would require a Monarch with great leadership qualities, immense charisma, and good knowledge of what to do in difficult situations. In my opinion, Louis was not charismatic (certainly towards the end of his reign), he did not have great leadership qualities, we see this as he sends his men to their deathbeds, and by no means in my opinion is he effective in difficult situations. Therefore, critics may argue that he was placed an impossible task, I feel that even if the task were possible, as a person Louis was not the man needed to fulfil it by any means. Therefore, I will finally conclude by saying that I feel that Louis decisions, his personality and character, are the main issues that should be raised when discussing why exactly the monarchy witnessed a downfall in August 1792. The other reasons I have mentioned are also very significant, but perhaps could have been more successfully avoided, had the King been more able to make good decisions for the good of the whole nation, and been more wise with his money.

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Performance of the City Council Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Performance of the City Council - Essay Example The essay "Performance of the City Council" entails to find out the satisfaction level of the people for the performance of their city councils and discusses the research that has been conducted from the community to derive the convenience level with the council’s performance. Almost 25 years ago in the developed countries, the citizen’s engagement with the local government was through the electoral process. The representatives were elected through and were left to do their job. But since then there has been a decline in the trend of the local authority elections and has been shifted towards postal voting and amalgamation. The declining trend has led to the decrease trust in the local government. As Russell suggests that the government has to encourage the participation in elections and recommended that there should be a focused intervention between the council size and the representation ratio in order to improve the voter turnout. A Recent European study suggests that the citizens may be changing their preference in engagement towards the city council. The citizens are demanding better services from the local government and they are more willing than before to act and debate because the traditional democracy is declining. The changing attitudes in the attitude of the citizens have also resulted in the roles and functioning of the city councils. The increase in the decentralization and the involvement from the citizen’s part is enhancing a strong emphasis of citizen decision-making.

Business Culture in China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Culture in China - Essay Example Economic Environment Economic environment refers to all economic factors such as economic structures, economic philosophy of a country, economic policies, planning, controls and regulations which affect the functioning of a business organization in a country. In China, the government has absolute control over all markets and owns all resources. The buying power of the people of China is high and continues to rise constantly and with this rise, tremendous business opportunities are created. The high population of China also provides a good market for products as local consumers eagerly purchase western goods. In addition, the high population also provides ready and sufficient labor to the business firms or organizations (Yong, 2005). The stock market is also an economic indicator of how the Chinese economy is performing. Investors can get information on the performance of any sector of business that they wish to invest in through the stock market. From a market perspective, the pressu re to innovate has not existed in China because the demand for goods has never outweighed supply. The Chinese innovation has also been affected by the economic impact of the low labor costs and the foreign direct investment policy. China’s has a good infrastructure that promotes business operations. It has good communication systems, transportation systems, energy facilities and internet and technology (Yong, 2005). Legal Issues The legal environment incorporates a number of legal regulations of doing business in a given country. The regulations ensure that the interests of businesses organizations do not go against the national interests. The regulations can either be government legislations or... This essay gives an insight into the business culture of Chinese people. For example, showing impatience or humility in a business deal implies mischief and one can change the power balance in one’s favor. Guanxi (which means relationship) is also a very vital characteristic of the business culture of China. Good business relationship reduces frustrations, disappointments and risks in business. The Chinese culture is very different from the western culture in that whereas the western countries make deals with any person, Chinese people will only make business deals with those whom they think are trustworthy. Therefore, for the western countries to do business with them, they have to prove that they are trustworthy. Economic environment refers to all economic factors such as economic structures, economic philosophy of a country, economic policies, planning, controls and regulations which affect the functioning of a business organization in a country. In China, the government has absolute control over all markets and owns all resources. The buying power of the people of China is high and continues to rise constantly and with this rise, tremendous business opportunities are created. The high population of China also provides a good market for products as local consumers eagerly purchase western goods. In addition, the high population also provides ready and sufficient labor to the business firms or organizations. China has for many years been politically stable and this has promoted foreign investment.