Business Law Essay Example for Free

line of line of credit integrity seekWhat is own(prenominal) credit line Law? Businesses interact in many and varied ways. To name just a fewer types of championship proceeding, there be contracts, mergers and acquisitions, leasing, etc. How these good proceeding atomic effect 18 carried out is oerseen by Business Law. Additionally, how military controles argon formed is a large part of Business equity. This force field of faithfulness is very wide-ranging, although it deals primarily with delimit the unspoilts and responsibilities of businesses, rather than enforcing these rights. Because of its extensive scope, Business impartiality has spawned a large number of intelligent practice atomic number 18a subcategories, which include Sales and Secured Transactions, Banking, Landlord-Tenant, Mortgages, Real E introduce Transactions, Debtor and Creditor, Bankruptcy, Consumer Credit, Negotiable Instruments, and Contracts. Business equity and Commercial polic e force argon very closely related, so very much so that the terms argon often concord interchangeably and the legal is accomplishs they address frequently overlap. The analogous Commercial work out (UCC) is the star presiding authority over commercial message exercises.* Business.govBusiness.gov helps blue businesses chthonian(a)stand their legal requirements and locate government services from federal official, deposit and topical anaesthetic agencies. Business.gov is an authorised site of the U.S. Small Business Administration. * Commercial Law / Business Law DefinitionCommercial law (sometimes k outrightn as business law) is the ashes of law that governs business and commercial transactions. It is often considered to be a disunite of civil law and deals with issues of both private law and public law. Commercial law includes in spite of appearance its compass such titles as principal and agent carriage by worldly concern and sea merchant shipping guarantee mar ine, fire, life, and accident insurance bills of commuting and confederation. It flowerpot withal be unders alsod to order corporate contracts, hiring practices, and the manufacture and sales of consumer goods.* Compliance with Business Laws just about aspects of running a business cod some legal consequences. Whether your business is just starting up, expanding, or winding down, you essential espouse with the federal, state, and local laws that govern your business activities.* Employment Law for BusinessesA great many gross law rulings, statutes, administrative rules and legislation gravel up the practice and interpretation of prevailing law. Its governance falls under the comprehensive of both federal and state statutes, as advantageously as administrative regulation and judicial precedent.When workers burden claims for employment discrimination, unemployment compensation and workers compensation, these claims fall under employment law. Likewise, overseeing workpla ce safety and standards, fair wages, retirement and pensions, employee benefits, and much more, ar part of this wide-ranging legal area. Employment law deals with both the employer and the employees actions, rights and responsibilities, as well as their relationship with one a nonher. A well- whopn, prevalent administrative regulatory body for employment law is the Department of Labor, which exists on both the federal and the state level.The elaws Advisors are interactive e-tools that deliver easy-to-understand culture near a number of federal employment laws. Each Advisor simulates the interaction you might wear with an employment law expert. It asks questions and provides answers based on responses given.* Self-Employment AssistanceSelf-Employment Assistance offers dislocated workers the opportunity for early re-employment. The program is designed to encourage and enable unemployed workers to create their own jobs by starting their own fiddling businesses. downstairs these programs, States can indemnify a self-employed allowance, instead of unshakable unemployment insurance benefits, to help unemployed workers magical spell they are establishing businesses and becoming self-employed. Participants receive weekly allowances while they are getting their businesses off the ground.* Model Business Corporation ActA deal is a legal entity created through the laws of its state of incorporation. Individual states down the power to promulgate laws relating to the creation, organization and dissolution of corporations. Many states follow the Model Business Corporation Act.State corporation laws require articles of incorporation to document the corporations creation and to provide commissariat regarding the management of internal affairs. Most state corporation statutes also operate under the assumption that each corporation will adopt bylaws to correct the rights and obligations of officers, psyches and groups within its structure. States also have regi stration laws requiring corporations that incorporate in some opposite states to request permission to do in-state business. there has also been a significant component of Federal corporations law since social intercourse passed the Securities Act of 1933, which regulates how corporate securities are issued and sold. Federal securities law also governs requirements of fiduciary conduct such as requiring corporations to suck up full disclosures to shareholders and investors.The law treats a corporation as a legal soulfulness that has standing to sue and be sued, transparent from its monetary fundholders. The legal independence of a corporation prevents shareholders from universe individualally interchangeablely for corporate debts. It also allows stockholders to sue the corporation through a derivative suit and set outs ownership in the company (shares) easily transferable. The legal person status of corporations gives the business perpetual life deaths of officials or st ockholders do non alter the corporations structure.Corporations are measureable entities that fall under a different scheme from individuals. Although corporations have a double tax problem both corporate profits and shareholder dividends are taxed corporate profits are taxed at a lower rate than the rates for individuals.Corporate law has grievous inter component parts with contracts and commercial transactions law.* Securities lawA generic term for shares of stock, bonds, and debentures issued by corporations and governments to evidence ownership and terms of payment of dividends or final payoff. They are called securities because the assets or profits of the corporation or the credit of the government stand as credentials measures for payment. However, conflicting secured transactions in which specific office is pledged, securities are only as good as the forthcoming profitability of the corporation or the management of the governmental agency. Most securities are raf td on mixed stock or bond markets. Securities law exists because of unique informational wishings of investors. Securities are not inherently valuable their prise comes only from the claims they entitle their owner to make upon the assets and earnings of the issuer or the voting power that accompanies such claims.The value of securities depends on the issuers financial condition, products and markets, management, and the competitive and regulatory climate. Securities laws and regulations aim at ensuring that investors receive accurate and necessary information regarding the type and value of the following under consideration for purchase. Securities exist in the form of notes, stocks, treasury stocks, bonds, certificates of occupy or participation in profit sharing organizations, collateral trust certificates, preorganization certificates or subscriptions, transferable shares, investment funds contracts, voting trust certificates, certificates of deposit for a guarantor, and a fractional undivided interest in gas, oil, or other mineral rights. Certain types of notes, such as a note secured by a denture mortgage or a note secured by accounts receivable or other business assets, are not securities.* The Setting for Buying and TradingTwo principle settings for buying and selling securities exist issuer transactions and trading transactions. On the one hand, issuer transactions are the essence by which businesses raise capital. These transactions mean the sale of securities by the issuer to investors. On the other hand, trading transactions refers to the purchasing and selling of outstanding securities among investors. Investors trade outstanding securities through securities markets that can be either stock exchanges or over-the-counter. Stock exchanges provide a place, rules, and procedures for buying and selling securities, and the government heavily regulates them. Generally, to have their securities sold and bought on a stock exchange, a company must list its securities on a given exchange.The Securities and Exchange Commission ( atomic number 16) must sanction the stock exchanges rules before they take effect. Transactions that do not take place on a stock exchange occur in the the residual securities market, go throughn as the over-the-counter market. Only dealers and brokers registered with the arcsecond may engage in securities business both on stock exchanges and in over-the-counter markets. Most of the broker-dealers serving the public utilise to be members of the National Association of Securities Dealers (NASD), which served the NASDAQ stock market, but in 2007, the NASD unite with the dealers from the New York Stock Exchange to form the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) a depicted object securities association registered with sulfur.* Securities RegulationSecurities regulations focus mainly on the market for roughhewn stocks. Both federal and state laws regulate securities. On the heels of the Great Depression, Congress act outed the first of the federal securities laws, the Federal Securities Act of 1933, which regulates the public pass and sale of securities in interstate commerce. This Act also prohibits the offer or sale of a security not registered with the Securities Exchange Commission and requires the disclosure of real information to the prospective securities purchaser. Then, needing an agency to enforce those regulations, Congress established the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, which created the SEC. Since then, Congress has charged the SEC with administering federal securities laws. The 1933 Acts registration requirements aimed to enable purchasers to make reasoned lasts by requiring companies to provide reliable information.The Securities Exchange Act of 1934 also regulates officers, directors, and principal share holders in an attempt to maintain fair and honest markets. The Act requires that issuers, subject to certain exemptions, register with the SEC if they unavoidableness to have their securities traded on a national exchange. Issuers of securities registered under the 1934 Act must file various reports with the SEC in order to provide the public with adequate information about companies with publicly traded stocks. The 1934 Act permits the SEC to promulgate rules and regulations to protect the public and investors by prohibiting manipulative devices and contrivances via the mail system or other means of interstate commerce* coalition LawA colleagueship is a for-profit business association of 2 or more persons. Because the business component is defined broadly by state laws and because persons can include individuals, groups of individuals, companies, and corporations, partnerships are highly adaptable in form and vary in complexity. Each partner shares like a shot in the organizations profits and shares control of the business operation. The consequence of this profit sharing is that partners are jointly and independen tly liable for the partnerships debts.Creation, organization, and dissolution of partnerships are governed by state law. Many states have adopted the invariant Partnership Act. A partner relationship is generally the result of a contract either express or implied with no formal requirements (such as a signed document).This is not the case of a limited partnership where one or more general partners manage business operations and assume personally liable for partnership debts while other contributing/profit sharing partners take no part in running the business and incur no liability beyond contribution obligations.) Limited partnerships are governed in many states by the analogous Limited Partnership Act . State property law also impacts partnerships by defining ownership in a partnership and determining how the death of a partner changes the partnership structure. Federal law plays a minimal role in partnership law demur in the con text edition of a diversity action, or in instanc es where a partnership promise contains an impressive choice-of-law provision designating the application of federal law. Federal law also governs whether a partnership exists for federal tax purposes. For state and federal tax purposes, a partnership is not a rateable entity. Partnership income is taxable to the partners in proportion to their share in the companys profits.* Small Business AdvocacyDespite their importance to the economy, small businesses are heavily burdened by the costs of government regulation and excessive paperwork. Advocacy question shows that firms with fewer than 20 employees annually spend 45 percent more per employee than larger firms do to comply with federal regulations. Advocacy is an independent voice for small business within the federal government and is the watchdog for the Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA). Advocacy advances the views and concerns of small business before Congress, the White House, the federal agencies, the federal chat ups an d state policy makers.* Mortgage LawAn arrangement under which a borrower puts up the title to trustworthy estate as security (collateral) for a loan to buy the real estate. The borrower typically agrees to make regular payments of principal and interest to repay the loan. If the borrower falls behind (defaults) on the payments, the lender can foreclose on the real estate and have it sold to pay off the loan. A mortgage connotes the transfer of an interest in land as security for a loan or other obligation. It is the almost common method of financing real estate transactions. The mortgager is the party transferring the interest in land. The mortgagee, usually a financial institution, is the provider of the loan or other interest given in exchange for the security interest. Normally, a mortgage is paid in installments that include both interest and a payment on the principle amount that was borrowed. Failure to make payments results in the foreclosure of the mortgage. Foreclosure allows the mortgagee to declare that the entire mortgage debt is ascribable and must be paid immediately. This is accomplished through an speedup clause in the mortgage.Failure to pay the mortgage debt once foreclosure of the land occurs leads to seizure of the security interest and its sale to pay for any rest mortgage debt. The foreclosure process depends on state law and the terms of the mortgage. The most common processes are court proceedings (judicial foreclosure) or grants of power to the mortgagee to sell the property (power of sale foreclosure). Many states regulate acceleration clauses and allow late payments to avoid foreclosure. about states use puppets called deeds of trust instead of traditional mortgages. leash theories exist regarding who has legal title to a mortgaged property. at a lower place the title theory title to the security interest rests with the mortgagee. Most states, however, follow the lien theory under which the legal title remains with the m ortgagor unless there is foreclosure. Finally, the intermediate theory applies the lien theory until there is a default on the mortgage whereupon the title theory applies.The mortgagor and the mortgagee generally have the right to transfer their interest in the mortgage. Some states hold that even when the purchaser of a property subject to a mortgage does not explicitly take over the mortgage the transfer is assumed. Mortgages employ due-on-sale and due-on-encumbrance clauses to prevent the transfer of mortgages. These clauses allow acceleration (having the principal and interest become due immediately) of the mortgage. The law of contracts and property govern the transfer of the mortgages interest. If the mortgage being foreclosed is not the only lien on the property then state law determines the priority of the property interests. For example, Article 9 of the like Commercial Code governs conflicts between mortgages on real property and liens on fixtures (personal property attac hed to a piece of real estate). When a mortgage is a negotiable instrument it is governed by Article 3 of the Uniform Commercial Code.A mortgage may be used as a security interest by the mortgage. * Strangely enough, the news show mortgage comes from the French word mort which means dead and gage from Old English, which means pledge. The term came from the doubtfulness of whether or not the mortgagor would pay the debt. In the 1500s, if the mortgagor did not pay, then the land pledged as security for the debt was interpreted away. The land was then considered dead to the mortgagor. Nowadays, the term mortgage is used as a term for purchasing a property. We no doggeder associate anyones death with it. Although a few lucky citizenry may be in a position to pay all cash for a property, interior(a) mortgages are required to purchase a home. Mortgages all have a term (typically 15, 20 or 30 years) representing the length of time before your home is paid off and a rate which determine s the principal and interest payment that will be required to be paid during this term.* BankruptcyBankruptcy law provides for the development of a plan that allows a debtor, who is unable to pay his creditors, to resolve his debts through the division of his assets among his creditors. This superintend division also allows the interests of all creditors to be treated with some measure of equality. Certain bankruptcy proceedings allow a debtor to stay in business and use revenue generated to resolve his or her debts. An additional purpose of bankruptcy law is to allow certain debtors to complete themselves (to be discharged) of the financial obligations they have accumulated, after their assets are distributed, even if their debts have not been paid in full. Bankruptcy law is federal statutory law contained in Title 11 of the fall in States Code. Congress passed the Bankruptcy Code under its Constitutional grant of authority to establish uniform laws on the subject of Bankruptcy throughout the United States.States may not regulate bankruptcy though they may pass laws that govern other aspects of the debtor-creditor relationship. there are two basic types of Bankruptcy proceedings.A filing under Chapter 7 is called liquidation. It is the most common type of bankruptcy proceeding. Liquidation involves the appointment of a trustee who collects the non-exempt property of the debtor, sells it and distributes the proceeds to the creditors. Bankruptcy involve the rehabilitation of the debtor to allow him or her to use future earnings to pay off creditors. Under Chapter 7, 12, 13, and some 11 proceedings, a trustee is appointed to supervise the assets of the debtor. A bankruptcy proceeding can either be entered into voluntarily by a debtor or initiated by creditors. After a bankruptcy proceeding is filed, creditors, for the most part, may not seek to collect their debts outside of the proceeding. The debtor is not allowed to transfer property that has been declare d part of the estate subject to proceedings. Furthermore, certain pre-proceeding transfers of property, secured interests, and liens may be detain or invalidated. Various provision of the Bankruptcy Code also establish the priority of creditors interests.* Small Business Financing Loans and GrantsFederal, state and local governments offer a wide range of financing programs to help small businesses start and grow their operations. These programs include low-interest loans, venture capital, and scientific and sparing development grants.* Uniform Commercial CodeThe Uniform Commercial Code (UCC or the Code), first published in 1952, is one of a number of uniform acts that have been promulgated in conjunction with efforts to harmonize the law of sales and other commercial transactions in all 50 states within the United States of America. The goal of harmonizing state law is important because of the prevalence of commercial transactions that extend beyond one state. The UCC therefore achieved the goal of substantial consent in commercial laws and, at the same time, allowed the states the flexibility to meet local circumstances. The UCC deals primarily with transactions involving personal property (movable property), not real property (immovable property).* US Department of CommerceThe U.S. Department of Commerce has a broad mandate to advance stinting growth and jobs and opportunities for the American people. It has cross cutting responsibilities in the areas of trade, technology, economic development, environmental stewardship and statistical research and analysis. The products and services the department provides touch the lives of Americans and American companies in many ways, including endure forecasts, the decennial census, and patent and trademark protection for inventors and businesses.What is the UCC?The Uniform Commercial Code (UCC), a comprehensive code addressing most aspects of commercial law, is generally viewed as one of the most important develo pments in American law. The UCC text and draftsmanship revisions are written by experts in commercial law and submitted as drafts for approval to the National throng of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws (now referred to as the Uniform Law Commissioners), in collaboration with the American Law Institute. The Commissioners are all attorneys, qualified to practice law, including state and federal judges, legislators and law professors from the United States and its territories. These quasi-public organizations meet and shape whether to endorse these drafts or to send them back to the experts for revision. The revision process may result in some(prenominal) different revisions of the original draft. Once a draft is endorsed, the Uniform Law Commissioners recommend that the states adopt these rules. The UCC is a model code, so it does not have legal effect in a jurisdiction unless UCC provisions are enacted by the individual legislatures as statutes. Currently, the UCC (in whole or in part) has been enacted, with some local variation, in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and the Virgin Islands.UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODEAct 174 of 1962AN ACT to enact the uniform commercial code, relating to certain commercial transactions in or regarding personal property and contracts and other documents concerning them, including sales, commercial paper,bank deposits and collections, letters of credit, bulk transfers, warehouse receipts, bills of lading, other documents of title, investment securities, leases, and secured transactions, including certain sales of accounts and contract rights to provide for public notice to third parties in certain circumstances to regulate procedure, evidence and damages in certain court actions involving such transactions, contracts or documents to make uniform the law with respect there to to make an appropriation to provide penalties and to repeal certain acts and parts of acts.* 1-101. Short Titles.(a) This Act may be cited as the Uni form Commercial Code.* 1-102. Scope of Article.This article applies to a transaction to the extent that it is governed by another article of the Uniform Commercial Code. * 1-103. Construction of Uniform Commercial Code to Promote its Purposes and Policies Applicability of Supplemental Principles of Law. (a) The Uniform Commercial Code must be liberally construed and applied to promote its underlying purposes and policies, which are (1)to simplify, clarify, and modernize the law political science commercial transactions (2) to permit the continued expansion of commercial practices through custom, usage, and agreement of the parties and (3) to make uniform the law among the various jurisdictions. (b) Unless displaced by the particular provisions of the Uniform Commercial Code, the principles of law and equity, including the law merchant and the law coition to capacity to contract, principal and agent, fraud, misrepresentation,mistake, bankruptcy, and other validating or invalidating cause supplement its provisions.* 1-104. Construction Against Implied Repeal.The Uniform Commercial Code being a general act intended as a unified reporting of its subject matter, no part of it shall be deemed to be impliedly repealed by subsequent legislation if such device can reasonably be avoided.* 1-105. Severability.If any provision or clause of the Uniform Commercial Code or its application to any person or circumstance is held invalid, the invalidity does not affect other provisions or applications of the Uniform Commercial Code which can be given effect without the invalid provision or application, and to this end the provisions of the Uniform Commercial Code are severable.* 1-106. Use of Singular and Plural Gender.In the Uniform Commercial Code, unless the statutory context otherwise requires (1) words in the singular number include the plural, and those in the plural include the singular and (2) words of any gender also refer to any other gender.* 1-107. Section Captio ns.Section captions are part of the Uniform Commercial Code.* 1-108. Relation to Electronic Signatures in worldwide and National Commerce Act. This article modifies, limits, and supersedes the federal Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act, 15 U.S.C. Section 7001 et seq., except that nothing in this article modifies, limits, or supersedes Section 7001(c) of that Act or authorizes electronic delivery of any of the notices described in Section 7003(b) of that Act.* 1-201. General Definitions.(a) Unless the context otherwise requires, words or phrases defined in this section, or in the additional definitions contained in other articles of the Uniform Commercial Code that dupe to particular articles or parts thereof, have the meanings stated. (b) Subject to definitions contained in other articles of the Uniform Commercial Code that apply to particular articles or parts thereof (1) Action, in the sense of a judicial proceeding, includes recoupment, counterclaim, set- off, suit in equity, and any other proceeding in which rights are determined. (2) Aggrieved party means a party entitle to pursue a remedy. (3) pledge, as distinguished from contract, means the bargain of the parties in fact, as found in their language or inferred from other circumstances, including course of performance, course of dealing, or usage of trade as provided in Section 1-303. (4) Bank means a person engaged in the business of banking and includes a savings bank, savings and loan association, credit union, and trust company. (5) Bearer means a person in self-denial of a negotiable instrument, document of title, or certificated security that is payable to bearer or indorsed in blank.(6) Bill of lading means a document evidencing the receipt of goods for shipment issued by a person engaged in the business of transporting or forwarding goods. (7) Branch includes a separately incorporated extraneous branch of a bank. (8) Burden of establishing a fact means the burden of per suading the trier of fact that the organism of the fact is more probable than its nonexistence. (9) Buyer in average course of business means a person that buys goods in good faith, without knowledge that the sale violates the rights of another person in the goods, and in the ordinary course from a person, other than a pawnbroker, in the business of selling goods of that kind. A person buys goods in the ordinary course if the sale to the person comports with the usual or customary practices in the kind of business in which the seller is engaged or with the sellers own usual or customary practices. A person that sells oil, gas, or other minerals at the wellhead or minehead is a person in the business of selling goods of that kind.A buyer in ordinary course of business may buy for cash, by exchange of other property, or on secured or unsecured credit, and may acquire goods or documents of title under a preexisting contract for sale. Only a buyer that takes possession of the goods or has a right to recover the goods from the seller under Article 2 may be a buyer in ordinary course of business. (10) Conspicuous, with reference to a term, means so written, displayed, or presented that a reasonable person against which it is to operate ought to have noticed it. Whether a term is conspicuous or not is a decision for the court. Conspicuous terms include the following (A) a heading in capitals equal to or greater in surface than the surrounding text, or in contrasting type, font, or gloss to the surrounding text of the same or lesser size and (B) language in the body of a record or display in larger type than the surrounding text, or in contrasting type, font, or color to the surrounding text of the same size, or set off from surrounding text of the same size by symbols or other marks that call attention to the language.(11) Consumer means an individual who enters into a transaction primarily for personal, family, or household purposes. (12) Contract, as distinguish ed from agreement, means the total legal obligation that results from the parties agreement as determined by the Uniform Commercial Code as supplemented by any other relevant laws. (13) Creditor includes a general creditor, a secured creditor, and any representative of creditors, including an assignee for the benefit of creditors, a receiver in equity, and an executor or administrator of an insolvent debtors or assignors estate. (14) Defendant includes a person in the position of defendant in a counterclaim, cross-claim, or third-party claim. (15) Delivery, with respect to an instrument, document of title, or chattel paper, means voluntary transfer of possession.* worldwide trade lawIncludes the appropriate rules and customs for handling trade between countries. However, it is also used in legal writings as trade between private sectors, which is not right. This branch of law is now an independent field of study as most governments has become part of the world trade, as members of the mankind Trade Organization (WTO). Since the transaction between private sectors of different countries is important part of the WTO activities, this latter branch of law is now very important part of the academic works and is under study in many universities across the world. International trade law should be distinguished from the broader field of transnational economic law.The latter could be said to encompass not only WTO law, but also law governing the international monetary system and currency regulation, as well as the law of international development. The body of rules for transnational trade in the 21st century derives from medieval commercial laws called the lex mercatoria and lex maritima respectively, the law for merchants on land and the law for merchants on sea. Modern trade law (extending beyond bilateral treaties) began shortly after the sec World War, with the negotiation of a multilateral treaty to deal with trade in goods the General Agreement on Tariffs a nd Trade (GATT). International trade law is based on theories of economic liberalism developed in Europe and later the United States from the 18th century onwards.International Trade Law is an aggregate of legal rules of international legislation and new lex mercatoria, regulating relations in international trade. International legislation international treaties and acts of international intergovernmental organizations regulating relations in international trade. lex mercatoria the law for merchants on land. Alok Narayan defines lex mercatoria as any law relating to businesses which was criticised by Professor Julius Stone. and lex maritima the law for merchants on sea. Alok in his recent article criticised this definition to be too narrow and merely-creative. Professor Dodd and Professor Malcolm Shaw of Leeds University supported this proposition.Contract the elements of a contractThe first step in a contract question is perpetually to make sure that a contract actually exists. There are certain elements that must be present for a legally binding contract to be in place. The first two are the most obvious* An offer an expression of willingness to contract on a specific set of terms, made by the offeror with the intention that, if the offer is takeed, he or she will be bound by a contract. * Acceptance an expression of absolute and unconditional agreement to all the terms set out in the offer. It can be oral or in writing. The acceptance must exactly mirror the original offer made. * A counter-offer is not the same as an acceptance. A counter-offer extinguishes the original offer you cant make a counter-offer and then decide to accept the original offer But * A request for information is not a counter-offer. If you ask the offeror for information or clarification about the offer, that doesnt extinguish the offer youre still free to accept it if you want. It is very important to distinguish an offer from an invitation to treat that is, an invitation for o ther people to submit offers. Some everyday situations which we might think are offers are in fact invitations to treat* Goods displayed in a graze window or on a shelf.* When a book is placed in a shop window determined at 7.99, the bookshop owner has made an invitation to treat. * When I pick up that book and take it to the till, I make the offer to buy the book for 7.99. * When the person at the till takes my money, the shop accepts my offer, and a contract comes into being. * Adverts basically work in the same way as the scenario above. Advertising something is like putting it in a shop window.* Auctions* The original advertising of the auction is just an invitation to treat. * When I make a bid, I am making an offer. * When the hammer falls, the winning offer has been accepted. The seller now has a legally binding contract with the winning bidder (so long as there is no reserve price that hasnt been reached) An offer can be revoked at any time before it is accepted, so long a s you inform the person you made the offer to that the offer no longer stands. * Consideration each party to the contract must receive something of value.Consideration is the price paid for the others promise. There are four legal maxims that apply to consideration* Consideration must move from the promisor* Consideration need not move to the promisee* Past consideration is not good consideration* The consideration given must be sufficient, but it need not be adequate.Arrangements of a social nature are presumed not to be legally binding, whilse commercial arrangements are presumed to be intended as binding contracts. Of course, these presumptions can always be rebutted in court by producing evidence to the contrary.* Importance of Business LawIt is essential to know about business law before starting a business, as it will help you operate your business without the hindrances of ignorance. It is better to seek the expert guidance of an accountant and an attorney to learn about the in vogue(p) business laws that will affect your business.. There are different laws for different business entities. Be certain you learn about the business laws that govern the kind of business entity that you choose to start. The major types of businesses are C, S and closed corporations, limited liability companies, and sole proprietorships. Zoning Laws It is essential to know about zoning laws, as certain zones are restricted in certain areas. It deals with the kind or type of business allowed in certain areas, how the land surrounding a business is used, signboards, advertisements, and parking. Licensing Laws In order to operate a business certain licenses are required and there are some important business laws you need to know.If a business operates without these licenses, it is illegal and the business may be dissolved or forced to close. Trademark and unmixed Laws These are laws that deal with ownership intellectual property rights, and inventions. They are necessary to pr otect the business. Employment Laws These are laws regarding the hiring and firing of employees, their rights, compensation, safety, work place discrimination, child labor laws, overtime pay structure, disability laws and unemployment laws. Tax Laws This section deals with filing of tax returns and depends on the kind of business entity and the state the business operates in, sales tax. These include privilege tax, income tax and other state and federal tax requirements of a business. These are very important business laws you need to know before starting a business.Environmental Laws The government enforces the environmental laws for the discharge of risky waste and the recycling laws pertaining to the business. Health Department Permits This is necessary if your business deals with food products. You must get wellness department permits to operate your business. Fire Department Permits and Air and Water Pollution Control Permits There are laws that certain kinds of business enti ties must get permits from these departments to operate. The list above contains basic business laws you need to know before starting a company. It is necessary to take precautions that you are not violating any law by operating your business. You must obtain all the necessary permits and licenses from the appropriate authority.